Trabajos de Titulación - Ingeniería Civil
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://dspace.ucacue.edu.ec/handle/ucacue/38
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Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Proyecto de Titulación embargado con fines de publicación de impacto(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Tapia Carrión, Jovany Angel; Maldonado Noboa, César Humberto; 0105709398Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Evaluación de métodos de impermeabilización en rellenos sanitarios: caso Pichacay – Cuenca(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Landi Villa, Johanna Gabriela; Astudillo Mejía, Ana Belén; Solano Peláez, José Luis; 0150713220; 0106055064This study analyzes the environmental pollution caused by leachate in sanitary landfills, taking the Pichacay landfill in Cuenca as a case study. These liquids have a high organic and mineral load (COD 8119 mg/L, BOD 249 mg/L, total dissolved solids 15,600 mg/L), posing a risk of infiltration into the soil and groundwater. This paper aims to evaluate waterproofing methods using physical models and tests with actual leachate, to identify the most technically, regulatory, and economically viable alternative. An experimental design was applied with eight configurations of waterproofing materials under controlled conditions. The results showed that the fully lining systems maintained a total leachate containment throughout the ten-week experimental monitoring. This period was not intended to limit the effectiveness of the system to that timeframe, but rather to demonstrate its hydraulic performance and initial stability in a controlled manner, verifying compliance with the permeability coefficient established by NTE INEN 2641:2012 (≤1×10−7 cm/s). In particular, the High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane and the composite system demonstrated greater efficiency and stability; therefore, they are recommended for municipalities that do not yet have sanitary landfills.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Evaluación de la calidad del servicio del tranvía de Cuenca en las estaciones 8n y 8s, con enfoque en accesibilidad y seguridad vial(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Vera Fajardo, Javier Esteban; Darquea Córdova, Francisco José; 0106025331Accessibility and road safety are fundamental pillars for ensuring an inclusive and efficient public transportation system. In Cuenca, the tram represents a significant advance in urban mobility; however, its proper integration with the road infrastructure is crucial to providing quality service to all users. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate the current conditions of accessibility and road safety at the Ordoñez Lasso (8N) and Gran Colombia (8S) tram stations in Cuenca. Frequent problems were identified, such as insufficient signage, lack of pedestrian access, and unsafe crossings, primarily affecting older adults and people with disabilities. This study was conducted using a descriptive and technical approach, including field observations, application of regulatory sheets and matrices, and 202 surveys administered to transportation system users. The results show that 54% and 41% of users of stations 8N and 8S, respectively, rate the quality of accessibility as fair. Similarly, 59% and 52% of station users perceive the environment as unsafe, indicating partial non-compliance with current national regulations. In conclusion, it is necessary to strengthen urban infrastructure to ensure adequate accessibility and road safety conditions for all tram users.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Análisis de la infraestructura de la ciclovía y su impacto en la sostenibilidad Paseo Tres de Noviembre, entre Av. de Los Cerezos y Huaynacapac Cuenca-Azuay(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Burbano López, Andy Alejandro; Darquea Córdova, Francisco José; 0106646995The research analyzes the infrastructure of the Paseo Tres de Noviembre bike path, on the section between De los Cerezos Avenue and Huaynacapac Avenue in Cuenca, Azuay, with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness, identifying deficiencies, and proposing improvements to strengthen sustainable mobility. The study addresses the need for safe and efficient spaces for bicycle transportation. A descriptive and analytical approach was employed, based on direct observation, technical data collection, and surveys administered to 380 users of the analyzed section. Geo Tracker, ArcGIS, and Civil 3D software were used for infrastructure analysis and modeling, while Excel and RStudio were used for statistical data processing. The results reveal deficiencies in vertical signage, maintenance of horizontal signage and lighting, as well as a moderate perception of safety. Consequently, proposals are presented to optimize the infrastructure, implement bicycle parking facilities that facilitate bicycle-bus intermodality, and promote the use of bicycles as a safe, healthy, and efficient transportation alternative, contributing to the sustainable urban development of the city of Cuenca.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Determinación de capacidad de almacenamiento de reservorios e identificación de áreas para nuevos almacenamientos en Azuay(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Brito Vaca, Leidy Mireye; Ramón Zumba, Fanny Maribel; Chacón Cedeño, Victor Manuel; 1400963060; 0105354559The development of this project is focused on the province of Azuay. It is based on the use of Geographic Information Systems to determine storage capacity and identify new areas for reservoirs, as the province is notable for its agricultural and livestock production. A methodological sequence using programs and software was proposed, such as: GOOGLE EARTH, which enables the identification of water bodies; NASA Earthdata, which provides digital elevation model (DEM) maps; and ArcMap, which allows for the visualization of DEM maps, where contour lines with a vertical equidistance of 5 meters are extracted. To represent the slope of the terrain, slope maps are generated based on the contour lines, leading to the creation of TINs (Triangular Irregular Networks). By combining the water bodies and the TINs, it was possible to determine the physical characteristics of the reservoirs, such as area and volume. A total of 126 existing reservoirs were identified in the province, with more than 50% located in the Santa Isabel canton. Additionally, eight possible areas for new reservoirs were identified, three of which are located in the Cuenca canton and one reservoir in each of the following cantons: Camilo Ponce Enríquez, Gualaceo, Sigsig, Nabón, and Sevilla de Oro – El Pan.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Reevaluación del caudal de diseño en el Sistema de Riego Checa, Sidcay, Ricaurte a partir del levantamiento catastral de áreas regables actuales(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Pastuizaca Chillogalli, Juan Rosendo; Molina Carreño, Jeyson Javier; Ochoa García, Santiago Aurelio; 0107517690; 1401328008In the present study, the design flow rate of the Checa, Sidcay, and Ricaurte irrigation system was reassessed based on a cadastral survey of users’ plots and a multitemporal comparative analysis of land use and land cover changes. Periodic reevaluation of the design flow rate of an irrigation network is a measure that ensures water sustainability, efficiency in water use, and equity in distribution. Its impact lies in providing consistent information for system planning and management, contributing to agricultural productivity and supporting decision-making by the Administrative Board authorities. This research adopted a practical approach due to its applicability to a real issue faced by institutions responsible for water resource management. Hydrological analyses were performed using data provided by NASA POWER, while cadastral information was collected and processed using SW Maps (GPS) and QGIS applications, respectively. Additionally, irrigation parameters were applied to calculate the required flow rate according to national (MAATE) and international (FAO) standards. The results indicate an effectively irrigable area of 354.68 ha, compared to the total surveyed area of 397.77 ha. The reassessed flow rate was 229.29 L/s, revealing a significant oversizing compared to the historical assigned flow rate of 500 L/s. Based on these updated data, the competent authorities will be able to adopt irrigation system modernization measures.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Auditorías de seguridad vial en 3 intersecciones a desnivel en la ciudad de Cuenca: Análisis con un enfoque hacia estrategias en Visión Cero(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Toral Pesantez, Nicolás Alfredo; Rojas Palacios, John Fernando; Maldonado Noboa, César Humberto; 0105818918; 0107085409This research aims to evaluate the current state of three grade-separated intersections in the city of Cuenca through road safety audits, identifying deficiencies in road infrastructure design, road safety, and operational performance. The methodology employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a checklist at intersections defined by their relevance in terms of traffic flow and frequency of traffic crashes, to determine compliance with Ecuadorian standards for geometric design, traffic signage, and operability. This allows for the identification of shortcomings and improvement actions. This research is based on a detailed data collection of vertical and horizontal traffic signs, pavement condition, roadway width, traffic separation medians, lighting, turning radii, sight distance, and established operating speed. Additionally, parameters from the “Vision Zero” strategy, widely used in road audits and sustainable mobility plans in other cities, are incorporated to compare the results obtained and enhance the analysis of each intersection. A critical issue related to the geometric design is observed at the intersection of ‘12 de Abril’ Avenue and ‘Paucarbamba’ Avenue concerning the vertical clearance, which does not meet the minimum height requirement. Furthermore, the signage exhibits deficiencies due to a lack of maintenance, weather-related deterioration, and a lack of reflectivity. Finally, the pavement and drainage conditions are not optimal.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Evaluación de la infraestructura vial basada en la movilidad del corredor camino a Patamarca, de la parroquia Hermano Miguel, cantón Cuenca(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Romero Alvarado, María Alina; Darquea Córdova, Francisco José; 0707254223This study analyzed the road infrastructure of the Camino a Patamarca corridor, located in the Hermano Miguel parish (Cuenca), using origin-destination surveys, GIS modeling, and a technical regulatory analysis. Significant deficiencies were detected in terms of safety, accessibility, and pavement condition, with 41.82% of respondents indicating feeling unsafe while traveling. Mobility patterns revealed that public transportation is predominant (60.58%), showing significant variations by gender and age. The static geospatial modeling allowed for the identification of 13 critical points related to inadequate signage and conflicts between different modes of transportation. The redesign proposal includes roadway rehabilitation, construction of accessible sidewalks, signage following the Public Works Manual guidelines, and implementation of technology to enhance pedestrian safety. It is concluded that the proposed interventions will significantly improve the safety and efficiency of the corridor, complying with the Organic Law on Traffic, Land Transportation, and Road Safety (LOTTTSV, by its Spanish acronym) and promoting sustainable urban mobility.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Determinación de capacidad de almacenamiento de reservorios e identificación de áreas para nuevos almacenamientos en Azuay(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Brito Vaca, Leidy Mireye; Ramón Zumba, Fanny Maribel; Chacón Cedeño, Victor Manuel; 1400963060; 0105354559The development of this project is focused on the province of Azuay. It is based on the use of Geographic Information Systems to determine storage capacity and identify new areas for reservoirs, as the province is notable for its agricultural and livestock production. A methodological sequence using programs and software was proposed, such as: GOOGLE EARTH, which enables the identification of water bodies; NASA Earthdata, which provides digital elevation model (DEM) maps; and ArcMap, which allows for the visualization of DEM maps, where contour lines with a vertical equidistance of 5 meters are extracted. To represent the slope of the terrain, slope maps are generated based on the contour lines, leading to the creation of TINs (Triangular Irregular Networks). By combining the water bodies and the TINs, it was possible to determine the physical characteristics of the reservoirs, such as area and volume. A total of 126 existing reservoirs were identified in the province, with more than 50% located in the Santa Isabel canton. Additionally, eight possible areas for new reservoirs were identified, three of which are located in the Cuenca canton and one reservoir in each of the following cantons: Camilo Ponce Enríquez, Gualaceo, Sigsig, Nabón, and Sevilla de Oro – El Pan.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Análisis comparativo de métodos de diseño de pavimentos flexibles considerando la estabilización con cal en bases granulares(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Morocho Encalada, Bryam Gerardo; Maldonado Noboa, César Humberto; 0105848196; LeonardoThis research develops a comparative analysis between the flexible pavement design methods proposed by AASHTO and INVIAS, incorporating lime stabilization in granular base materials. The main objective was to evaluate how the addition of lime influences the structural behavior of the granular bases by analyzing the variation of the CBR and its impact on the structural coefficient. To achieve this, laboratory tests were carried out, and both design methods were applied to optimize the pavement structure. The materials used came from the Áridos y Agregados del Sur and Rookaazul quarries. Granulometry, Atterberg limits, modified Proctor, abrasion, and CBR tests were performed on the materials in their natural state and stabilized with 2.5%, 3.5%, and 5% lime. The materials were classified as Class 1, Type A and B, respectively. The results showed significant improvements in the strength of the stabilized bases, with CBR increases of up to 116% and 118% depending on the quarry and the percentage of lime applied. This demonstrates the enhancement of the materials with the addition of lime. The comparative analysis between AASHTO and INVIAS showed differences in layer thicknesses, with the AASHTO method requiring thinner base layers. For a traffic volume of 1,000,000 equivalent single axle loads, the INVIAS methodology provides for thinner base thicknesses under more demanding structural conditions, also contributing to a higher structural efficiency of the flexible pavement.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Rendimiento de los recicladores de la Ciudad de Cuenca(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Domínguez Plaza, Karla Alexandra; Chacón Cedeño, Victor Manuel; 0105380273This study aimed to evaluate the performance of curbside waste pickers in the city of Cuenca by analyzing their average yield in different urban areas: neighborhoods, condominiums, commercial zones, and rural areas. Additionally, performance was based on the type of recycled material and variations among three waste picker associations: Sol y Agua, Centro Histórico, and Pichacay. A descriptive-correlational and quantitative methodology with a quasi-experimental approach was used. Data were collected through surveys, field accompaniment, and systematic records of weight and distance along the collection routes carried out by waste pickers in various areas of Cuenca to assess their performance, as well as the time and distance covered during their routes. The results show that, contrary to common assumptions, waste pickers who cover longer routes do not necessarily collect larger volumes of materials. By contrast, some waste pickers with shorter routes manage to collect more material due to the characteristics of the area and the amount of waste generated. The study provides technical insights for redesigning recycling routes in the areas analyzed, prioritizing those with higher yield and efficiency. By demonstrating that longer routes do not always result in greater collection, the study offers applicable criteria ot optimize the route assignments and promote a more equitable distribution of work among waste pickers.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Análisis de la implementación de técnicas de Cemento Romano (Hot Mixing) en hormigón moderno: un estudio sobre la autoreparación(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Morocho Minchala, Angelo Rafael; Cordero Cabrera, Carlos julio; 0106516735This study explores the mechanical behavior and potential self-healing characteristics of Roman-inspired concrete. Cylinders and slabs were produced with a 20% replacement of cement by volcanic ash and additions of 5%, 10%, and 15% quicklime. The mixture was designed using the Fuller method for a target strength of 210 kgf/cm2. Compression tests indicate a trend where the 5% quicklime dosage may achieve a strength exceeding the design value, whereas concentrations of 10% and 15% exhibit inferior mechanical performance. However, it is imperative to note that, due to the limited number of samples, these results are not statistically conclusive and only indicate a possible behavior of the material under the studied conditions. In the self-healing evaluation, the initial slabs showed no changes in their fissures. However, when using a mixing method that promoted the thermal activation of the quicklime, the formation of whitish deposits was observed, partially occluding the microfissures. This phenomenon suggests a possible sign of self-healing properties, although deeper chemical analysis is required to confirm its nature.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Análisis comparativo de métodos de estabilización para verificar el cambio de las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de suelos finos en la Parroquia Gualay, cantón Cuenca(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Avila Taza, Ariel Steven; Alvarez Segarra, Diego Sebastián; González Maldonado, Marcos Darío; 0106429475; 0105826705Several laboratory tests, including sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction test, load-bearing capacity (CBR), and direct shear and simple compaction tests, were conducted to understand the physical and mechanical properties of low-plasticy lime soils existing in the Gualay community. The results evidenced that this soil corresponds to a low-plasticy lime, whose characteristics are inadequate to withstand loads without prior treatment. Different lime stabilizers, bagasse ash, and asphalt emulsions were evaluated to analyze their influence on soil properties. Among them, lime at 7% proportion, applied as a substitute for natural soil, was the additive that showed the most favorable results. This percentage significantly reduced plasticity, increased maximum density, improved compressive strength, and optimized the soil’s bearing capacity. Cane bagasse ash, used at 10%, 15%, and 20% proportions, also contributed to improving certain physical and mechanical properties of the natural soil, especially in reducing plasticity and increasing strength, although to a lesser extent. Asphalt, in proportions of 2%, 4% and 6%, showed positive effects on soil strength and cohesion, but without exceeding the benefits obtained with lime. Finally, the behavior of soil stabilized with 7% lime was analyzed in detail, about the proportion substituted for the natural soil, confirming its effectiveness as a stabilizer. This treatment transformed the soil, making it more resistant and less susceptible to deformation.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Proyecto de Titulación embargado con fines de publicación de impacto(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Malla Illescas, Jessica Catalina; Rojas Gutiérrez, Lessly Nicole; González Maldonado, Marcos Darío; 0107629537; 0302303797Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Diseño de prototipo de centro de integración comunitaria para la Ciudad de Cuenca (Cero huella de carbono)(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Cuenca Cedillo, Jhonatan Patricio; Peñafiel Ortega, Cristian Eduardo; 0150414027This study proposes the design of a zero-carbon footprint Community Integration Center in Cuenca by utilizing local materials and sustainable techniques to reduce the environmental impact of construction. A mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative) is applied in three stages: theoretical and contextual research, site diagnosis and participatory analysis, and preliminary design development. In the first stage, the literature is reviewed to establish a technical-conceptual framework, analyzing materials and techniques with low environmental impact. In the second stage, the site’s climatic, physical, and social conditions are studied, passive design strategies are applied, and materials such as adobe and handcrafted brick are used. In the third stage, the preliminary design is developed, calculating the carbon footprint using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy simulations. The results show that the use of these materials considerably reduces the carbon footprint without affecting structural quality, demonstrating the feasibility of these strategies in urban and rural contexts. This work establishes precedents for future sustainable constructions in Cuenca.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Determinación de las tasas de crecimiento vehicular de la Provincia del Azuay para proyecciones de tráfico(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Solano Guevara, Pedro Javier; Verdugo González, Carlos José; Maldonado Noboa, César Humberto; 1400976591; 0107170995This research describes the problematics of accelerated vehicle fleet growth in the province of Azuay, focusing on the city of Cuenca and its impact on urban mobility planning. A quantitative analysis of vehicle growth behavior between 2010 and 2022 was conducted based on the compilation of historical vehicle registration and population data from official sources such as National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC, by its Spanish acronym), Municipal Public Company for Mobility, Transit, and Transportation (EMOV EP, by its Spanish acronym), Association of Automobile Companies of Ecuador (AEADE, by its Spanish acronym), and the Ministry of Transport and Public Works (MTOP, by its Spanish acronym). In Azuay, compound annual growth rates were calculated by vehicle type, while in Cuenca, rates were calculated for total vehicles, and vehicle fleet projections were developed until 2042 using statistical models and linear equations. The study identified factors influencing vehicle growth, including urbanization, fuel subsidies, economic growth, and migration. Likewise, the negative impacts of increased vehicle fleets were analyzed, such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, infrastructure deterioration, and socioeconomic effects. The results show sustained growth in the vehicle fleet, with motorcycles being the segment with the greatest proportional increase, followed by SUVs and trucks. The projections anticipate future mobility scenarios and offer key inputs for formulating public policies for more sustainable and equitable mobility. Finally, they highlight the urgent need to strengthen road infrastructure, optimize public transportation, and promote clean transportation alternatives in the province.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Modelación bidimensional de la confluencia de los ríos Machángara y Tomebamba, con DELFT3D(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Lema Nacipucha, Wilson Alexander; Vile Corte, Edwin Oswaldo; Ochoa García, Santiago Aurelio; 0107301533; 0106172547Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Análisis comparativo de las normas Nevi-2012 y el reglamento de la Ley de Sistema de Infraestructura Vial del Transporte Terrestre vigente(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Arévalo Otorongo, Pablo Andrés; Darquea Córdova, Francisco José; 0107296535This thesis analyzes the differences and opportunities for improvement within the regulatory framework of Ecuador's road infrastructure, specifically between the Ecuadorian Road Standard (NEVI-2012 Volume 2A) and the Regulations of the Organic Law of the National Road Infrastructure System for Land Transport. It also compares these with international standards such as the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) from the United States, Colombia’s National Roads Institute (INVIAS), and Peru’s Geometric Design of Roads Handbook. The aim is to identify strengths and weaknesses to plan necessary updates to the Ecuadorian regulations, ensuring a more appropriate, modern, and efficient road infrastructure system. Among the main discrepancies is the use of the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) and the Projected Annual Average Daily Traffic (PAADT) as road classification criteria. While the regulations use the AADT to reflect current traffic, this parameter is insufficient for modern vehicular demands. According to the geometric design, the regulations lack detailed technical specifications, unlike the NEVI standard and the international comparison standards, which incorporate clear criteria such as radius of curvature, maximum slopes, lane widths, and environmental sustainability data. The study proposes updating the regulations to incorporate the PAADT as a modern road planning criterion and technical parameters for geometric design. This would ensure that Ecuadorian regulations are more efficient and compatible with international standards.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Análisis del comportamiento de una viga a flexión, al variar el ángulo del gancho estándar para el desarrollo de barras corrugadas a tracción(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Guachisaca Saca, Leidy Andrea; Calle Castro, Carlos Julio; 1950009132The structural design of reinforced concrete beams depends on an adequate bond between the reinforcing steel and the concrete. Therefore, standard hooks in longitudinal reinforcing steel have been widely used to improve stress transfer and ensure structural behavior. Furthermore, current regulations such as ACI 318-19 and NEC, limit their design to angles of 90° and 180°. This limitation raises the need to experimentally evaluate the behavior of beams with different hook angles of 30°, 60°, without hooks, and additionally what the standard recommends, to analyze the behavior of all hooks using a flexural test. Within the analysis of the flexural test, the aim is to find the following parameters: maximum force, maximum moments, and maximum unit strain. For this, 3 samples are made for each hook type to obtain better results. The results demonstrated that the beam without a hook has the lowest resistance. On the other hand, the beams with 60° and 90° hooks stood out for their efficiency, reaching maximum loads of 4328.05 kgf and 4330.14 kgf and maximum moments of 541.00 kgfm and 542.02 kgfm, with a unit strain of 0.0134 and 0.0102. These results suggest that a 60° angle could offer structural performance comparable to 90°, despite not being contemplated in current regulations.Item type: Ítem , Access status: Acceso Abierto , Simulación hidrodinámica bidimensional del Río Tomebamba en el tramo de la captación PTAP del Cebollar(Universidad Católica de Cuenca., 2025) Once Condo, Christian Eduardo; Coronel Bustamante, Rony Efraín; Ochoa García, Santiago Aurelio; 0105724751; 0302131107This research analyzes the two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling of the Tomebamba River at the Cebollar Waste-Water Treatment Plant (WWTP), in the section between the Mazán and Sayausí areas. Hydrodynamic variables were presented using the HEC-RAS and IBER modeling tools over an approximate length of 2.6 km. The input data for these computational tools included a digital elevation model obtained through drone surveying and using a Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) instrument. Hydrographs and a discharge curve corresponding to a 10-year return period were used as boundary conditions for the model. These conditions were obtained from hydrological data provided by readings from hydrological stations near the study area, monitored by the Municipal Communication, Water, and Sewage Company (ETAPA by its Spanish acronym) and National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI by its Spanish acronym) institutions. To validate the models, a comparison was made with observed water levels for similar events, and the NSE, R², and ECM statistical indices, reflecting good modeling quality. The representations of the flow variables in the intake showed values associated with the characteristics of the hydraulic structure, suggesting an acceptable representation of the flow in this area. Velocities of up to 6.19 m/s were observed, producing shear stresses of up to 177.16 N/m², potentially causing wear on the intake's structural elements and reducing their functionality and lifespan.
