Factores de riesgo de cáncer de mama. Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

Breast cancer is considered a disease with a high mortality rate. Modifiable risk factors, such as hormone use, obesity, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking, contribute to breast cancer risk. Additionally, breast cancer risk has been described in women with a family history of the disease, BReast CAncer gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) mutations, or familial cancer syndromes. Methodology: Based on the PRISMA 2020 statement, a qualitative systematic review was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Study quality was assessed using the U.S. National Institutes of Health scale. Results: Twenty-five eligible articles were included. Most studies highlighted that in women with a family history of breast cancer, modifiable risk factors showed no association with breast cancer. In contrast, some studies reported a decrease in risk (physical activity) or an increase (hormonal contraception/menopausal hormone therapy, smoking, alcohol consumption). Conclusions: This review identified and evaluated various limitations in the included studies, which affect the interpretation of the results. The risk of bias was mainly observed in the inconsistency of exposure and outcome measurements and variability in the definitions of modifiable risk factors. This heterogeneity in measurement, ranging from retrospective to current data across different life stages, underscores the need for standardization in the definitions and methodologies used in future research. Keywords: BRCA1, BRCA2, cancer, luminal A, luminal B, breast, triple-negative