Insulinorresistencia y alteración del metabolismo lipídico.

Abstract

There are alterations where insulin sensitivity is compromised, and insulin resistance (IR) develops, affecting glucose uptake. There are several hypotheses to explain the mechanisms responsible for this alteration in people with obesity. An association between these -insulin resistance and obesity- has been described, and studies have identified obesity as a causal risk factor for insulin resistance. These aspects mention that this relationship includes chronic low-grade inflammation, dysfunction of different cellular organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria), ectopic tissue accumulation of toxic lipids in different body tissues, and alteration of lipid components (increased low-density lipoproteins and decreased high-density lipoproteins). Objective: To describe the mechanisms of insulin resistance production and alteration of lipid metabolism in patients with obesity. Methodology: A descriptive documentary review was conducted, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and experimental studies published in Spanish or English in the last five years, addressing insulin resistance and alteration of lipid metabolism in patients with obesity. Results: It was identified that obesity generates a proinflammatory environment due to excess lipids and adipose tissue dysfunction, inhibiting insulin signaling pathways. Additionally, organelle dysfunction is due to increased toxic lipids (ceramides and diacylglycerol) and reactive oxygen species that influence inflammatory mechanisms by activating factors that inhibit insulin response. Keywords: Insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, obesity, inflammation