Estudio comparativo de la calidad nutricional entre la lactancia materna y la lactancia artificial. Revisión sistemática

Abstract

Background: The type of feeding administered to the infant in the first months of life, whether exclusive breastfeeding or artificial, has subsequent repercussions on evolutionary, cognitive, motor, emotional, and language development. It is worth emphasizing that breast milk contains all the necessary micro and macronutrients to meet children's energy and nutritional requirements, providing a protective effect that has not been replicated in breast milk substitutes. Methods: Articles that answer the research question were included using databases such as Embase, SCOPUS, PubMed, SciELO, and Web of Science, published from 2018 to 2023, in Spanish and English. The results were presented through charts. Results: A total of 28 records were included. Breast milk primarily comprises immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, fatty acids, cytokines, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Breastfeeding has multiple benefits, including the development of the immune system, cognitive progress, and the child's weight and height, while artificial feeding promotes the presence of atopic and infectious diseases and the development of overweight and obesity. Discussion: Knowledge of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in the newborn is necessary since it favors immunological, cognitive, and postnatal development, reducing the presence of prevalent childhood illnesses; thus, its consumption should be promoted.