Síndrome de Guillain Barré asociado a enfermedad de COVID-19

Abstract

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a demyelinating disorder characterized by the main involvement of peripheral nerve myelin, leading to muscle weakness, paresis, and even bilateral ascending paralysis. It affects approximately 100,000 people worldwide each year.

Objective: This study aims to describe Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 disease through a literature review.

Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases, including SciELO, Scopus, Medline, and PubMed, utilizing DeCs/MeSH terms and Boolean operators. The PRISMA method was employed to select relevant studies based on specific inclusion criteria, such as complete information, study types, year of publication, language, and quartile.

Results: The estimated incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome was 2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The average age of patients was 56.08 ± 10.51 years, with a male predominance noted in 88.5% of the studies. The most common observed variant of GBS was acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (32/35). Neurological manifestations included paresthesia (16/35) and cranial nerve involvement (12/35). The mean time to symptom onset was 14.40 ± 13.49 days. Complications included the requirement of mechanical ventilation (21/35) and admission to the Intensive Care Unit (9/35).

Conclusions: The estimated incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome is 2 cases per 100,000 population annually. The predominant clinical presentation is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, with neurological manifestations such as paresthesia and cranial nerve involvement. Complications may involve acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to the Intensive Care Unit.