Abuso de la Metanfetamina: Neurotoxicidad dopaminérgica y alteración de la conciencia

Abstract

Methamphetamine (MA or meth) is a derivative of amphetamine. Its consumption causes damage to the substantia nigra pathways in the brain, reducing dopaminergic markers such as the dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). This results in low dopamine levels and its metabolites, inflammation, and oxidative stress. It is a drug that is highly available, accessible in cost, and produces euphoric and pleasurable effects. However, its use is often associated with alterations in consciousness, psychosis, violence, mood disorders, and irritability. Literature Review: Methamphetamine acts primarily at the pulmonary level and in the central nervous system. At the pulmonary level, it can cause various respiratory diseases. MA crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters brain tissue, interfering with the transmission of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin, generating euphoric effects and altering neuronal activity. In the long term, MA abuse can lead to neurocognitive disorders, personality alterations, and aggressive behaviors. Conclusions: Methamphetamine abuse represents a serious and multifaceted threat to public health, not only because of its neurotoxic effects but also because of its ability to significantly alter the consciousness and behavior of individuals. To effectively address this crisis, it is essential to implement preventive and treatment strategies, strengthen laws and drug control policies, and foster cooperation among governments, health organizations, and communities.