Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de modafinilo, metilfenidato, dextroanfetamina en estudiantes universitarios. Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

Background: Psychostimulants such as dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil, which are clinically prescribed for narcolepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), have been adopted by university students ―especially medical students― to enhance academic performance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the use of these drugs. Methods: A systematic review of articles published since 2018 in Spanish and English was conducted using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Elsevier, SciELO, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar, selecting 25 relevant studies. Results: The use of these stimulants is higher among medical students (62%). The main associated factors are improving concentration (59%), staying awake (41%), and increasing attention (29%). The most common age of use is 21 years old (33.3%), with a predominance among men (75%), and acquisition mainly via the internet (24%). Methylphenidate is the most commonly used (42%), followed by modafinil (21%) and dextroamphetamine (12%). Conclusions: Although these medications can improve cognitive function in individuals with ADHD, their prolonged use in healthy individuals carries risks such as paranoia and depression. University students, particularly medical students, show the highest rates of use, motivated by the desire to enhance concentration. The predominant user profile is a 21-year-old male who mainly obtains these drugs online, with methylphenidate being the most commonly used. Keywords: psychostimulant, cognitive enhancers, associated factors, modafinil, prevalence