Complicaciones perinatales en neonatos de madres con diabetes gestacional. Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased glucose levels detected in the early stages of gestation. It leads to various complications in the neonate, thereby increasing the risk of neonatal mortality. Objective: To determine the perinatal complications in neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes. Methods: An exploratory, observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional approach was utilized based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. It includes studies published within the last five years and scientific journals from digital repositories such as SCOPUS, SCIENCE-DIRECT, MEDLINE, and COCHRANE. Results: A total of 735 studies were obtained after applying the search criteria. Subsequently, this research applied selection parameters, yielding a total of 25 articles that were analyzed individually. Among these, the main perinatal complications identified were respiratory distress syndrome, large for gestational age neonate, macrosomia, and neonatal jaundice. However, these complications were associated with an increase rate of hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units. Additional reported complications included neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and birth trauma. Conclusion: The main perinatal complications in neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes were anthropometric and metabolic, comparable to those mentioned in the broader literature. Keywords: neonates, gestational diabetes, pregnancy complications