Síndrome de distrés respiratorio en el recién nacido

Abstract

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome, hyaline membrane disease (HMD), or respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn (RDSN) is the most frequent pathological entity in patients with gestational age < 37 weeks; it is caused by surfactant deficit conditioning the oxygenation of the newborn. Objective: To describe with updated information the respiratory distress syndrome in newborns. Methodology: A scientific literature review was conducted, programmed, and focused on the last five years to present a quality project to strengthen the knowledge of the disease; after a complete reading, the literary selection was performed utilizing the Mendeley program. Results: The main factors were prematurity (93.9%) and male sex (59.2%). Pulmonary ultrasound and ductus arteriosus velocity is sound in prenatal diagnosis, presenting sensitivity (83%) and specificity (93%). After birth, thoracic radiography has a sensitivity (85%) and predictive value (86%). Betamethasone was adequate in the preventive treatment for RDSN in 727 patients who received two doses (57.5%) and 436 with one dose (34.5%), reducing it by (60%) and (21%) respectively. Natural surfactant improved ventilation by (96%), decreasing bronchopulmonary dysplasia and postpartum death. CPAP and IMV were effective in reducing lung damage and neonatal mortality. Conclusions: Male premature infants are a risk factor, currently, innovative methods in diagnosis and treatment allow fetal well-being. Keywords: respiratory distress syndrome, hyaline membrane disease, newborn, surfactant.