Probióticos en la depresión: mitigación de síntomas, efecto eje intestino-cerebro y calidad de vida

Abstract

Depression represents a public health issue and is projected to be the leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030. The gut-brain axis relationship in developing mental disorders has gained importance in medicine since the gastrointestinal system was identified as the body's second brain. In addition, probiotics, mechanisms of action, and symbiotic relationships have allowed for the analysis of their effectiveness. The manipulation of the microbiota in endocrine, hormonal, and neuronal control pathways is primarily described, demonstrating changes in the Central Nervous System, Gastrointestinal Tract, and human behavior. Reducing inflammatory biomarkers, such as interleukins, improving the modulation of neurotransmitters, and decreasing depressive symptoms are among the key findings of this research. Clinical applications are supported by animal studies, where probiotic administration, such as Lactobacillus helveticus, Plantarum, and Bifidobacterium longum, reduced levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and CRP, improving depressive behavior. At the same time, other research found no significant changes in the microbiota. Microbial diversity in each individual, social factors, and their history influence these studies, highlighting the need for research to identify specific bacterial doses and strains to achieve better results with firmer conclusions. These findings are relevant because they visualize new therapies that can improve the treatment of depressive disorder and people's quality of life. However, they must be included in the public health space to optimize accessibility.