Detección precoz de los errores de refracción en los niños. Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

Refractive errors have garnered global attention as the most prevalent ocular condition across all age groups. It is estimated that approximately 253 million individuals worldwide experience visual impairment, of whom 36 million are blind. Objective: To determine the significance of early detection of refractive errors in children through a systematic review of the scientific literature, assessing its effectiveness and impact on the prevention of visual complications. Methodology: Observational, cohort, and case-control studies published between 2019 and 2023 in English and Spanish were included. Searches were conducted in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Oxford Academic. Methodological quality was assessed using the NHLBI tool, and the risk of bias was evaluated with RoB-1. A qualitative synthesis was performed. Results: A total of 25 studies were included (n = 22,350 children). Autorefraction and the use of devices such as the Spot Vision Screener demonstrated a sensitivity greater than 85% for early detection. Myopia was identified as the most prevalent refractive error. The absence of early detection was associated with amblyopia (12%) and myopia progression. Conclusions: Early detection of refractive errors in children is essential for the prevention of visual complications. Implementing school-based vision screening programs and training healthcare personnel are recommended to enhance access and coverage. Keywords: refractive errors, early detection, myopia, amblyopia, children