Propuesta de un modelo de bienestar animal en jaguares (Panthera onca) bajo cuidado profesional

Abstract

Animal welfare in professionally cared-for wildlife has become central to the modern management of zoos and bioparks. However, the lack of species-specific models has limited the effectiveness of assessments, technical decision-making, and the development of appropriate management plans to ensure their well-being. Assessment criteria for large felines such as the jaguar can be limited when identifying specific needs based on their biological, ethological, and management characteristics. This study aimed to establish an animal welfare assessment model using criteria adapted to each of the five domains for the jaguar (Panthera onca), focusing on the two individuals inhabiting the population at the Amaru Biopark (Cuenca, Ecuador). The model was based on 33 criteria derived from the Five Domains Model, which were adapted to the institutional management context and theoretical background. Monitoring of individuals was conducted through non-invasive, animal-based observations, review of environmental conditions, and validation of records using a dyad behavioral sampling methodology and a dichotomous one-zero (Yes/No) recording system. This monitoring took place over four weeks in different contexts focused on the presence and absence of visitors. The presence of locomotor stereotypy was identified as the only negative criterion, representing 3.03% (1/33) of the evaluated cases. Although the result appears to be specific to a behavioral problem and a positive mental state, the presence of stereotypy may also be associated with problems in other domains. The proposed animal welfare assessment model allowed for the development of a welfare evaluation tool for wildlife rescue and management centers, specifically focused on the jaguar (Panthera onca) species. This model is replicable for use with other felines under professional care, provided the center's management circumstances are taken into account. Keywords: Welfare; Fauna; Animal behavior; Assessment; Animal ecology; Wildlife conservation