Implantes mamarios en cirugía reconstructiva post mastectomía por cáncer de mama

Abstract

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women; its treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor. Currently, surgical treatment is combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The use of oncoplasty has significantly improved surgical and esthetic outcomes. Objective: To describe breast implants in post-mastectomy reconstructive surgery for breast cancer. Methodology: A narrative literature review was carried out by reviewing scientific articles published in the last five years in Spanish and English-indexed journals. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Keywords and Boolean operators were used to refine the search. The articles were selected according to the study variables with the support of the thesis director. Results: The currently employed techniques include those focusing on level 1 or lower volume displacement, such as crescent mastopexy, round block or Benelli mastopexy, vertical mastopexy, and inverted T (or anchor) mastopexy. Level 2 procedures, which remove 20-50% of the tissue and are suitable for moderate to large breasts with moderate to severe ptosis, include free flap procedures such as the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap, the superior gluteal artery perforator flap, the free transverse rectus abdominis flap, and other free flaps. Several studies propose the combination of some of these techniques. The percentage of complications varies according to the type of tumor and the technique used, with an average of 18.7%. There is a 5.2% rate of implant loss, a 4.8% infection rate, a 17.4% rate of readmission, and a 10.4% rate of return to the operating room. Conclusions: The current implants and oncoplastic surgery techniques are safe and effective, with a high percentage of satisfaction and high scores in the quality of life of women undergoing surgery for breast cancer.