Desnutrición infantil en niños de 3 a 5 años en el Ecuador: Una revisión sistemática

Abstract

Introduction: Malnutrition has a significant impact on child health, being considered the main cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inadequate nutrition leads to nutritional deficiencies, which in turn affect overall development and growth, disrupt physiological functions, and can result in disabilities. Objective: To analyze childhood malnutrition in children aged 3 to 5 years in Ecuador. Method: For this study, the following databases were used: Scopus, Medline, SciELO, PubMed, Dialnet, and Google Scholar. Through sensitivity meta-analysis, eligibility criteria were established for the collection, review, and synthesis of relevant studies, following the PRISMA method. Result: A total of 23 articles of significance were selected, meeting the inclusion criteria after screening, identifying the main determinants influencing childhood malnutrition. These include socioeconomic conditions, social inequalities, access to healthcare and nutrition education, all of which are key aspects for proper nutrition and child development. Conclusion: It was found that a quarter of Ecuadorian children under the age of 5 are affected by chronic malnutrition, with a significant increase observed in rural populations. The prevailing main factors were associated with social inequality, food insecurity, and lack of nutrition education. By demonstrating that low height and weight are significant indicators in preschoolers, early anthropometric evaluations become crucial in detecting nutritional abnormalities and preventing cognitive, intellectual, and psychomotor problems resulting from malnutrition. Therefore, it is essential to address policies that improve wealth distribution and limit the consumption of unhealthy foods, ensuring a better future for children in Ecuador.