Restricción del crecimiento intrauterino principales factores de riesgo y su potencial impacto en el adulto.

Abstract

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition in which the fetus fails to achieve its potential for adequate growth. Multiple factors, including fetal, maternal, and placental origins, contribute to this issue. Worldwide, it is estimated to affect over 30 million newborns. Data published by the National Statistics and Census Institute (INEC by its Spanish acronym) suggests a national prevalence of approximately 8.9% and an incidence of around 6.9%. It coincides with a significant increase in chronic diseases in adulthood. Objective: To describe the importance of intrauterine growth restriction and its association with chronic adult pathologies through a systematic review. Methodology: A qualitative and descriptive systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Results: The database initially included 51 articles; 20 were excluded because 4 were duplicates, one was paid, two did not meet the review's objective, and 13 did not meet the established timeframe for publication, so 31 articles were included in this review. Conclusions: Various factors influence the development of IUGR, with maternal factors such as malnutrition, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and substance consumption being the most significant. Intrauterine growth restriction negatively impacts fetal development, increasing the long-term risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.