Factores de riesgo de pérdida auditiva en población adulta. Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

Background: Hearing loss, defined as damage to the ability to perceive sound stimuli, has significantly increased in recent years, with a disabling effect on approximately 430 million people worldwide in 2023. According to the World Health Organization, this figure is expected to rise to 700 million by 2050. The main objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors for hearing loss in adults aged 19 and older. Method: A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Springer Open, and Web of Science. The review included studies published from 2019 onward, encompassing cross-sectional, cohort, longitudinal studies, and meta-analyses. Relevant data were extracted and organized into tables. Results: Sixteen studies were analyzed, identifying diabetes mellitus type 2, noise exposure, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and advanced age as key risk factors. The prevalence and risk associated with each factor were identified. Additionally, the relationship between hearing loss and gender was assessed, and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hearing loss were described. Conclusions: The evidence presented in this review indicates that common societal risk factors contribute significantly to the development of hearing loss, particularly among adults. Furthermore, the review found that males are more likely to experience hearing loss. Keywords: hearing loss, adults, risk factors, sensorineural hearing loss