Autocuidado del paciente hipertenso según la teoría de Dorothea Orem

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertension is the leading cause of morbi-mortality in the world, mainly affecting adults aged 30 to 79 years. Objective: To carry out a bibliographic review of self-care in hypertensive patients according to Dorothea Orem's theory. Methodology: A descriptive literature review was performed in the databases Scopus, ProQuest, Pubmed, Taylor & France, Web of Science, and other documents of the World Health Organization -WHO- and the Ministry of Public Health -MSP-, from 2017 to 2021. Results: It was evidenced that the prevalence of hypertension varies depending on the region, category, and income level in each country, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Hungary, and Paraguay are the countries with the highest prevalence values worldwide, among the main associated factors are alcohol consumption, tobacco, hypersodium diet, age, overweight, obesity, family history, among others; the therapeutic approach will focus on pharmacological treatment and its follow-up through monthly controls, another fundamental pillar is patient education through talks, health fairs among others; the nurse is a protagonist in the support in hypertensive patients seeking the transformation in their lifestyle through global and multidisciplinary care. Conclusions: The care of the hypertensive patient should be focused on changing lifestyle, considering a diet, physical activity, and compliance with pharmacological treatment together with patient education, providing individualized care according to the needs of each user.