Uso de los análogos del glucagón GLP1 como tratamiento en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Revisión bibliográfica

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease of multifactorial origin, which can lead to both physical and psychological impairment of the individual. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) analogs help regulate intake by slowing gastric emptying and inducing satiety, as they act directly on hypothalamic satiety centers, reducing both binge eating and cravings for certain types of high-calorie foods in the short term. Objective: To analyze the efficacy of GLP-1 glucagon analogs in treating overweight and obesity through a literature review. Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted on studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, controlled clinical trials, case-control, and cohort studies, and literature reviews reporting updates on the use of GLP-1 analogs for obesity treatment from 2018 to 2023 in English and Spanish languages. Results: Twenty-six articles were selected, where it was observed that GLP-1 produced in the gut could signal appetite centers in the brain, as vagal afferents express GLP-1 receptors and are activated by enteric GLP-1. Weight loss is expected with GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies, attributed to the effects of GLP-1 on slow gastric emptying and its well-recognized side effects of nausea and vomiting. The main adverse effects of GLP-1 are nausea and vomiting, pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, thrombocytopenia, angioedema, ARF, benign and malignant thyroid C-cell tumor. Conclusions: GLP-1 decreases the gastric emptying rate, thus increasing the sensation of satiety, which is suggested as a mechanism by which GLP-1 regulates appetite.