Etiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la gota. Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

Introduction: Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis that continues to have a high prevalence, generating interest in its etiology and association with risk factors, the most accurate diagnostic methods, and proper pathology management. Objective: To investigate current issues regarding gout through a systematic review. Methodology: This study is a documentary with a qualitative-quantitative descriptive approach. Articles with scientific evidence from the last five years were included and obtained from electronic scientific databases such as Web of Science, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and Google Scholar. Results: Twenty-five articles were studied, demonstrating gout's genetic and environmental origins, which is more frequent in men and people with risk factors. Gout is supported by two critical theories in its pathophysiology: the overproduction of urate and its underexcretion. The diagnosis is clinical, applying the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology criteria, supported by laboratory tests and ultrasound studies, as they are more effective and cost-effective. Treatment is controversial due to the adverse effects found and the acute gout flare-ups during urate-lowering therapy. Conclusions: Gout is strongly associated with the patient's nutrition and lifestyle. The natural history of the disease is modified by comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperuricemia, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, among others. Therefore, it is concluded that the diagnosis is often delayed, and the treatment must be individualized. Keywords: gout, uric acid, hyperuricemia, crystal-induced arthropathies, primary treatment