Nuevos biomarcadores aplicados para la detección precoz de lesión renal aguda, análisis de la evidencia científica y su uso en la práctica clínica

Abstract

Background: Acute kidney injury is common in critically ill patients, with a multifactorial cause and high morbidity and mortality despite modern treatments. The current diagnosis is based on markers such as creatinine and serum urea, which detect renal damage late. Several biomarkers have been investigated for early detection. General Objective: To describe the usefulness of new biological markers in the early detection of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Methodology: This is a narrative literature review. Articles of scientific relevance were analyzed in different digital databases such as SciELO, PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane, with keywords 'acute kidney injury,' 'biomarkers of kidney injury,' and 'renal damage arrest.' Results: Several molecules can be identified in blood or urine for early diagnosis of renal damage, enabling early intervention, establishing a differential diagnosis between different pathologies, and providing a prognosis. The neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin showed the most significant scientific relevance. Conclusions: Several biomarkers of acute kidney injury can be helpful in different clinical contexts. However, their widespread application is limited by high cost, the need for specialized equipment, the experience required, and other technical difficulties.