Factores de riesgo y aspectos clínicos de depresión e ideación suicida en pacientes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA)

Abstract

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects the individual’s neurodevelopment, significantly impacting their behavior and communication abilities. In addition, ASD often coexists with other conditions, with depression and suicidal ideation being particularly prevalent. These comorbidities present additional challenges, as individuals with ASD usually have difficulty perceiving and communicating their symptoms. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive literature review that analyzes the risk factors and clinical aspects related to the occurrence of depression and suicidal ideation in patients with ASD. Literature review: The common clinical manifestation of depression in autistic patients with depression includes anhedonia, i.e., loss of interest in activities that previously elicited pleasure and motivation, accompanied by alexithymia and ruminations. On the other hand, suicidal ideation in these patients is associated with feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, self-hatred, anger, and grief. Risk factors for developing depression include grief, rejection, trauma, and aggression, among others. As for suicidal ideation, the main risk factors are the autism spectrum disorder and age, being more frequent in older adults, as well as childhood regressions and camouflage. Conclusions: The presence of these manifestations and risk factors predisposes patients to common conditions such as depression and suicidal ideation. It is important to emphasize the existence of protective factors, mainly environmental support, resilience, and the quality of the support received. In addition, there are effective therapeutic methods, such as family therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy.