Proceso de atención de enfermería en la ictericia neonatal patológica

Abstract

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is a physiological process linked to liver immaturity and a surge in direct bilirubin levels. In neonates, it manifests as a buildup of serum bilirubin percentage. Objective: This study aims to conduct a literature review on the nursing care process for neonatal jaundice with pathological implications. Methodology: A bibliographic review of articles published in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest, Taylor & Francis, SciELO, and official sites like the World Health Organization was performed. Scientific articles from the last five years, in several languages, relevant to the research topic were considered. Results: In Latin America, the prevalence of pathological jaundice was reported in 60% to 80% of term and preterm infants. Predisposing factors included leukocytosis, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, platelet count (PLT), gestational age, elevated levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and T4, as well as glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, male sex, and exclusive breastfeeding. Complications arose, and most newborns required one or more exchange transfusions. Initial treatment included phenobarbital and phototherapy, with exchange transfusion being a primary intervention, although not without risks. Adequate education of mothers and families played a crucial role in care. Conclusions: This review underscores the importance of comprehending neonatal jaundice's pathology to enlighten professionals, patients, and families, aiming to increase knowledge about this condition.