Efectos adversos de la exposición a antirretrovirales en el embarazo y en el recién nacido.

Abstract

Background: Each year, approximately 1.3 million HIV-positive women face the need for antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, which is crucial to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Although effective, concerns remain about the potential side effects of these drugs. Objective: To identify the adverse effects of antiretrovirals in pregnant women and newborns through a systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Method: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines by searching scientific databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Articles from the last five years that met predefined inclusion criteria were selected. Results: Based on the established objectives and criteria, 17 studies were selected from PubMed, 16 from SCOPUS, and 16 from Web of Science. The main adverse effects identified during pregnancy were preterm birth, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies. Dolutegravir (DTG) and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) were associated with a higher number of side effects, while Atazanavir (ATV) showed greater safety in pregnant women and newborns. Conclusions: Despite the adverse effects identified, the evidence supports that the benefits of ART during pregnancy outweigh the risks, emphasizing its importance in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. The scientific community is encouraged to expand its perspective on antiretroviral therapy and its association with side effects in pregnant women and newborns to ensure greater safety when initiating treatment. Keywords: HIV, pregnancy, newborn, adverse effects, antiretrovirals