Valoración de los factores de riesgo y manejo clínico de la litiasis renal en adultos

Abstract

Background: Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, are the third most common urological disease. They are characterized by various types of mineral salts embedded in an organic matrix, which develop in the kidneys or the upper urinary tract. Globally, the prevalence ranges from 4 to 17 cases per thousand inhabitants, with a mortality rate of 5% and a recurrence rate of 50 to 60%. Objective: To identify the risk factors and clinical management of kidney stones in adults. Methodology: This document presents a literature review conducted by searching recognized databases such as PubMed, SciELO, Elsevier, and NIH MedlinePlus for studies from the last five years. Results: Risk factors are associated with modifiable and non-modifiable elements. Among the former are sociodemographic data such as age, sex, and body mass index, as well as the consumption of certain foods that increase the risk of kidney stones due to excessive intake of lithogenic substances. Clinical management is closely related to the type of calculus. Conclusions: The management of kidney stones depends on their type and the patient's comorbidities. Therefore, hygienic-dietary measures and pharmacological treatments are recommended, including analgesics, alpha-blockers, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors.