Intervenciones de enfermería en pacientes con macrosomia fetal

Abstract

Fetal macrosomia is defined as a birth weight equal to or greater than 4500 grams, regardless of gestational age, which is one of the main problems during gestation. Methodology: Narrative type literature review, where information related to nursing interventions in patients with fetal macrosomia was analyzed by searching articles and original documents published from 2018 to 2022 in different databases such as Scopus, PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc, ProQuest, Taylor, and Francis; the keywords used according to the Health Science Descriptors (DeCS) were: fetal macrosomia, newborn, prevalence, risk factors, complications, therapeutic approach, prevention, nursing care. Results: The prevalence of fetal macrosomia was most notable in Saudi Arabia, with 19.8%, compared to China and the United States, which showed 7.21% and 9.5%. The related factors were maternal age, sex of the newborn, obesity, and gestational diabetes. Among the complications were: clavicle breakage, shoulder dystocia, cephalohematoma, and fetal distress. Nursing care emphasizes promotion and prevention activities through counseling, fetal growth monitoring, and feeding. Conclusions: The interventions of the nursing staff in a macrosomic neonate are emphasized in counseling activities, growth monitoring, and fetal well-being to prevent the development of this pathology through early detection and management of maternal pathologies associated with it. Keywords: Fetal macrosomia, newborn, risk factors, complications, therapeutic approach, prevention, nursing care.