Principales alteraciones en columna vertebral por incorrecta mecánica corporal en edad escolar

Abstract

School-age children are exposed to different habits and daily practices that can lead to poor body mechanics, a situation that leads to changes in the spine that condition their quality of life and limit the ability to adapt and develop in a context and / or specific situation. Objective: To determine the main alterations in the spine due to incorrect body mechanics at school age. Methodology: This study is a bibliographic review addressed under a descriptive - explanatory design and with a qualitative approach, considering the following sources of information: Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs Cochrane, Redalyc, SciELO, and Proquest. Results: The main alterations that occur in the spine of schoolchildren are scoliosis, which contemplates the lateral deviation of the spine up to 10 degrees of rotation; kyphosis, which involves an exaggerated curvature from the upper back forward; and lordosis, which consists of a curvature projecting inward from the lower back. Scoliosis is the alteration with the highest incidence worldwide, it usually occurs in women and requires specific treatment. Conclusions: The population group made up of children and adolescents are the most vulnerable to these pathological conditions, representing between 1% and 9% of cases. The risk factors associated with these alterations are family history, genetics, and malformation problems that arise during fetal development. The rules of body hygiene to consider to prevent such alterations are: frequently change the body posture, do not overload with tension; take a break after each activity, promote comfortable spaces, and do warm-up exercises.