Encefalitis por Anticuerpos Anti-NMDA y Otras Variantes Autoinmunes: Perspectiva Clínica y Terapéutica

Abstract

Autoimmune encephalitis mediated by antibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (antiNMDA) is a serious neurological disorder of immunological origin that most commonly affects young

women

and is characterized by nonspecific neuropsychiatric symptoms. Its multiphase clinical presentation makes early diagnosis difficult, as it can be confused with primary psychiatric disorders, delaying treatment and worsening the prognosis. Objective: Analyze the clinical case of anti-NMDA autoimmune encephalitis in the context of nursing practice, integrating evidence-based information to strengthen the approach and management of this type of pathology. Methodology: The type of research was a descriptive, retrospective clinical case study. The technique used to collect information was through a review of medical records, and the pathology was described by compiling articles extracted from recognized databases such as Scopus, PorQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, etc. The inclusion criteria covered articles published in the last five years, in Spanish and English. A review of scientific publications was carried out to construct the theoretical framework. The report follows the general principles of health writing, related to the Vancouver structure and style: definition of the pathology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, consequences, nursing care plan, and medical treatment. Results: The patient received immunotherapy and multidisciplinary support, achieving a favorable outcome with partial recovery. Conclusion: Anti-NMDA autoimmune encephalitis represents a clinical challenge due to its onset with nonspecific neuropsychiatric symptoms that delay diagnosis. The case analyzed highlights the importance of early recognition and the use of specific tests to improve prognosis. Nursing staff play an essential role in monitoring, managing complications, and educating families. Continuous training of the healthcare team and psychoeducational support for caregivers were shown to be key pillars for optimizing recovery and quality of care. Keywords: Encephalitis; NMDA receptor antagonist; neuropathology, neuropsychiatry; immunotherapy; neurological disorders.