Autismo y alteraciones en la composición y diversidad de la microbiota intestinal en población infanto-juvenil: Una revisión bibliográfica.

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with alterations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, generating interest in understanding the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development and clinical presentation of the disorder. This study aimed to describe the relationship between autism and alterations in the gut microbiota in children and adolescents, define microbial changes, analyze the mechanisms through which these changes might influence neurological and emotional processes, and synthesize the available evidence. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, with a narrative literature review design. The search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, and PsycINFO using MeSH and DeCS descriptors related to gut microbiota, dysbiosis, autism spectrum disorder, children, and adolescents. Studies were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 31 studies were reviewed. The evidence showed a consistent association between ASD and gut microbiota alterations. A decrease in beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Blautia, was identified, along with an increase in microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, and Bacteroides. Furthermore, the studies suggested that gut dysbiosis may influence neurological and emotional processes through mechanisms related to inflammation, intestinal permeability, and the production of neurotransmitters and neuroactive metabolites. Although the studies could not establish a causal relationship, the findings led to the conclusion that there is a consistent association between alterations in the gut microbiota and ASD, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies using standardized methodologies to strengthen the evidence and support interdisciplinary intervention strategies.