Actualización de conocimiento en la etiología de la preeclampsia

Abstract

Introduction: Despite efforts made to optimize maternal and child health conditions, specific health problems persist, such as preeclampsia, which should be considered a significant issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of this disease ranges from 2 to 10% of all pregnancies and is responsible for 10 to 15% of maternal deaths. Although the exact etiology of preeclampsia is still unknown, clinical and pathological studies suggest that the placenta plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. It occurs due to abnormal placentation and an excess of antiangiogenic factors, microRNAs, and the secretion of other substances. Objective: To conduct a literature review on the knowledge updated on the etiology of preeclampsia. Methodology: For this study, a search for articles from 2018 to 2023 was conducted using biomedical databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The investigation was undertaken primarily in English, the primary language in the medical field, and Spanish. After a comprehensive reading of the full articles, 49 were selected to structure this review. Results: Abnormal placentation plays a significant role in the onset of preeclampsia, along with placental ischemia, oxidative stress, trophoblast invasion by cells, specific micro-RNA and non-coding RNA, and certain angiogenic factors. Conclusion: Preeclampsia involves multiple factors such as age, weight, pathological history, nulliparity and multiparity, abnormal placentation, certain angiogenic factors, and certain types of micro-RNA.