Secuelas neurológicas post traumatismo cráneo encefálico grave

Abstract

Introduction: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant public health challenge globally, known as the “silent epidemic” due to its high prevalence and severe consequences. Most TBIs originate from road traffic accidents, falls, and work- and sports-related violence and injuries. This article focuses on the neurological sequelae of TBI, which affect cognitive and motor function and significantly impact patients' quality of life. Literature Review: A descriptive, explanatory study was conducted with a qualitative approach. The neurological sequelae of TBI are varied and complex. Cognitive sequelae, such as amnesia, executive dysfunction, and attention problems, are associated with damage in areas such as the hippocampus, frontal, and temporal lobes. Regarding motor sequelae such as spasticity, gait ataxia, hemiplegia, quadriplegia, epilepsy, and hydrocephalus are observed as a result of damage to upper motor neurons and other critical brain structures. Language and communication sequelae include aphasia and dysphonia, affecting the ability to speak and understand a language. Psychological sequelae, such as depression and anxiety, are common and related to impairments in attention and working memory. Conclusions: This review highlights the complexity of TBI and the need to understand the brain areas affected to improve intervention strategies and support patients, improving their quality of life and functional capacity.