Neumonía en pacientes pediátricos a nivel de Latinoamérica. Revisión Bibliográfica

Abstract

Introduction: Pneumonia is the inflammation of the parenchyma that mainly affects the lungs and may be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Prevention measures and treatments have been implemented as a common problem in Latin America. Objective: to conduct a literature review on pneumonia in Latin America pediatric patients. Methodology: A descriptive narrative bibliographical review was carried out, and 56 scientific documents were analyzed, which consisted of 47 field articles, eight bibliographical reviews, and a book. Results: Most of the prevalence of pneumonia in Latin America occurs in Mexico 95%, Bolivia 70%, Ecuador 53% data reported in recent years, mainly affecting patients between 0 and 5 years. Associated factors to pneumonia include age, gender, incomplete breastfeeding, malnutrition, environment, and incomplete vaccination. Among the most common complications were pulmonary abscess, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, bacterial meningitis, empyema, and, in severe cases, sepsis. For therapeutic approaches, non-pharmacological treatment included oxygen therapy, monitoring of vital signs; on the other hand, prevention through vaccination and respiratory stimulation were relevant. Conclusion: Proper education by nurses to caregivers is critical, in addition to the prevention of this pathology, as well as the direct care of hospitalized patients, all in order to avoid respiratory conditions.